the manuscript market was mainly a second-hand market.

Scribal culture could have neither authors nor publics such as 
were created by typography.

*     Although we have seen with Hajnal a good deal about 
the scribal making of books, the assumptions and attitudes of 
authors about books and readers has not been looked at. Since 
it was precisely these assumptions that were to undergo very 
great changes, it is necessary to specify them, however 
succinctly. For this purpose the work of E. P. Goldschmidt, 
Medieval Texts and Their First Appearance in Print , is 
indispensable. His study of the habits and procedures of 
authorship under manuscript conditions leads him to conclude 
(p. 116):